[The following guest post is contributed by Abhik
Chakraborty, who is a 4th year student at NUJS, Kolkata]
Chakraborty, who is a 4th year student at NUJS, Kolkata]
The
Supreme Court in Ajanta Pharma Ltd. V. Commissioner of Income Tax-9, Mumbai [1] has clarified
that the intent with which the provision related to minimum alternate tax (MAT)[2]
was inserted in 1996 was to ensure that zero tax companies[3]
pay at least a minimum amount of tax on their book profits.[4]
The Finance Bill, 2015 has brought about an amendment to Section 115JB of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 which has caused a lot of furore in the recent months. The
amendment gives powers to the government to levy MAT on the capital gains
accruing to the foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and foreign portfolio
investors (FPI) prior to April 1, 2016.[5]
This has led to a slew of tax notices being issued to FIIs/FPIs based on their past
activity. This post aims to trace the jurisprudence available on section 115JB with
respect to its applicability to foreign companies in order to understand this
issue comprehensively.
Supreme Court in Ajanta Pharma Ltd. V. Commissioner of Income Tax-9, Mumbai [1] has clarified
that the intent with which the provision related to minimum alternate tax (MAT)[2]
was inserted in 1996 was to ensure that zero tax companies[3]
pay at least a minimum amount of tax on their book profits.[4]
The Finance Bill, 2015 has brought about an amendment to Section 115JB of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 which has caused a lot of furore in the recent months. The
amendment gives powers to the government to levy MAT on the capital gains
accruing to the foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and foreign portfolio
investors (FPI) prior to April 1, 2016.[5]
This has led to a slew of tax notices being issued to FIIs/FPIs based on their past
activity. This post aims to trace the jurisprudence available on section 115JB with
respect to its applicability to foreign companies in order to understand this
issue comprehensively.
The
essential question to be examined is whether MAT applied only to domestic
companies. In 1998, an advance ruling strictly interpreted section 115JA to
state that MAT will be applicable to foreign companies as well.[6]
The advance ruling authority (AAR)[7]
subsequently held that this advance ruling was unique to the facts of the case
wherein the company in question had a physical presence in India. According to the
tribunal, if a company does not have any physical establishment, then, it would
not be possible for it to comply with the other provisions of S. 115JB. For
instance, then, this company would be required to compute its entire global
accounts which in itself is a massive exercise. Further, the net profits
calculated would not be restricted to profits merely arising out of India. Moreover,
under section 591 of the Companies Act, 2013, only those companies which have a
physical presence need to maintain a profit and loss account. The tribunal also
relied on the Finance Minister’s Speech while placing the budget in 1996 as
well as the Memorandum to Finance Bill, 2001 to hold that for foreign companies
without any physical presence in India, MAT would not be applicable.
essential question to be examined is whether MAT applied only to domestic
companies. In 1998, an advance ruling strictly interpreted section 115JA to
state that MAT will be applicable to foreign companies as well.[6]
The advance ruling authority (AAR)[7]
subsequently held that this advance ruling was unique to the facts of the case
wherein the company in question had a physical presence in India. According to the
tribunal, if a company does not have any physical establishment, then, it would
not be possible for it to comply with the other provisions of S. 115JB. For
instance, then, this company would be required to compute its entire global
accounts which in itself is a massive exercise. Further, the net profits
calculated would not be restricted to profits merely arising out of India. Moreover,
under section 591 of the Companies Act, 2013, only those companies which have a
physical presence need to maintain a profit and loss account. The tribunal also
relied on the Finance Minister’s Speech while placing the budget in 1996 as
well as the Memorandum to Finance Bill, 2001 to hold that for foreign companies
without any physical presence in India, MAT would not be applicable.
On the
contrary, the AAR ruling in Castleton
Investment Limited v Director of Income-tax [8] has held that even foreign companies without physical establishments
would attract MAT. The 2015 Amendment has been brought about primarily because
of this ruling of the AAR. The AAR adopted a literal approach to section 115JB
and held that sub-section 1 was the charging provision and sub-section 2 was
the computing provision. Sub-section 1 was not dependent on sub-section 2, and
as per sub-section 1 companies under section 2(17) of the Companies Act, 2013
included foreign companies. Therefore, there was no reason for the AAR to
exclude the application of MAT on such companies irrespective of the practical
difficulties which a foreign company has to overcome in order to comply with
the computation provisions.
contrary, the AAR ruling in Castleton
Investment Limited v Director of Income-tax [8] has held that even foreign companies without physical establishments
would attract MAT. The 2015 Amendment has been brought about primarily because
of this ruling of the AAR. The AAR adopted a literal approach to section 115JB
and held that sub-section 1 was the charging provision and sub-section 2 was
the computing provision. Sub-section 1 was not dependent on sub-section 2, and
as per sub-section 1 companies under section 2(17) of the Companies Act, 2013
included foreign companies. Therefore, there was no reason for the AAR to
exclude the application of MAT on such companies irrespective of the practical
difficulties which a foreign company has to overcome in order to comply with
the computation provisions.
I would
like to point out a Supreme Court decision[9]
in this regard where it has been held that that the character of the
computation provisions in each case bears a relationship to the nature of the
charge. Thus, the charging provisions and the computation provisions together
constitute an integrated code. Further, it was held,
like to point out a Supreme Court decision[9]
in this regard where it has been held that that the character of the
computation provisions in each case bears a relationship to the nature of the
charge. Thus, the charging provisions and the computation provisions together
constitute an integrated code. Further, it was held,
When there is a
case to which the computation provisions cannot apply at all, it is evident
that such a case was not intended to fall within the charging section.
Otherwise, one would be driven to conclude that while a certain income seems to
fall within the charging section there is no scheme of computation for
quantifying it.
case to which the computation provisions cannot apply at all, it is evident
that such a case was not intended to fall within the charging section.
Otherwise, one would be driven to conclude that while a certain income seems to
fall within the charging section there is no scheme of computation for
quantifying it.
Therefore,
the view taken by the AAR in the Castleton case may be questionable in
light of the above decisions of the Supreme Court. It is an established fact
that foreign companies without any physical presence in India do not need to
maintain a profit and loss account as per Schedule VI of the Companies Act.
Without such an account, accurate computation would become extremely
problematic as pointed out in the Timken Company case. As the charging
provision has to be read in light of the computation provision, one may contend
that the interpretation of section 115JB would lead us to the conclusion that
foreign companies without physical establishments need not pay MAT.
the view taken by the AAR in the Castleton case may be questionable in
light of the above decisions of the Supreme Court. It is an established fact
that foreign companies without any physical presence in India do not need to
maintain a profit and loss account as per Schedule VI of the Companies Act.
Without such an account, accurate computation would become extremely
problematic as pointed out in the Timken Company case. As the charging
provision has to be read in light of the computation provision, one may contend
that the interpretation of section 115JB would lead us to the conclusion that
foreign companies without physical establishments need not pay MAT.
As far
as FPIs/FIIs are concerned, every such investor has to appoint a custodian in
India.[10]
Further, in the case of Fidelity Management & Research Co. v. Department
Of Income Tax,[11] it was held
that the mere fact that an FII has a custodian does not mean that it has a
physical establishment. Therefore, one can contend that FIIs, before the
amendment, were not liable to pay MAT if they did not have a physical
establishment.
as FPIs/FIIs are concerned, every such investor has to appoint a custodian in
India.[10]
Further, in the case of Fidelity Management & Research Co. v. Department
Of Income Tax,[11] it was held
that the mere fact that an FII has a custodian does not mean that it has a
physical establishment. Therefore, one can contend that FIIs, before the
amendment, were not liable to pay MAT if they did not have a physical
establishment.
With
respect to Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with other countries, the legal
position is that those companies which are incorporated in countries with which
India has a DTAA are not liable to pay MAT in pursuance of section 90 of Income
Tax Act. The ITAT has held that S. 115JB is subordinate to section 90(2).[12]
respect to Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with other countries, the legal
position is that those companies which are incorporated in countries with which
India has a DTAA are not liable to pay MAT in pursuance of section 90 of Income
Tax Act. The ITAT has held that S. 115JB is subordinate to section 90(2).[12]
This
amendment has again demonstrated to the world the unpredictable nature of the
Indian government with respect to taxing provisions. Two decades after the
introduction of MAT, if the FIIs and FPIs are unexpectedly forced to pay MAT on
capital gains, it is bound to affect investor confidence. Due to the heavy discontent
expressed by investors, the government has taken steps to ameliorate the
situation. Recently, a committee has been appointed under the chairmanship of
Justice AP Shah to examine this issue of applicability of MAT on FPIs. The CBDT
has also issued
a circular instructing its field officers not to file further notices and
to not aggressively pursue cases where notices have already been filed. One can
only hope that this MAT exemption to FIIs is extended retrospectively. The
Supreme Court verdict in the Castleton case is also eagerly anticipated.
amendment has again demonstrated to the world the unpredictable nature of the
Indian government with respect to taxing provisions. Two decades after the
introduction of MAT, if the FIIs and FPIs are unexpectedly forced to pay MAT on
capital gains, it is bound to affect investor confidence. Due to the heavy discontent
expressed by investors, the government has taken steps to ameliorate the
situation. Recently, a committee has been appointed under the chairmanship of
Justice AP Shah to examine this issue of applicability of MAT on FPIs. The CBDT
has also issued
a circular instructing its field officers not to file further notices and
to not aggressively pursue cases where notices have already been filed. One can
only hope that this MAT exemption to FIIs is extended retrospectively. The
Supreme Court verdict in the Castleton case is also eagerly anticipated.
– Abhik
Chakraborty
Chakraborty
[2] In the same case, court
acknowledged that Section 115JB is a successor to S. 115JA and is the same in
essence.
acknowledged that Section 115JB is a successor to S. 115JA and is the same in
essence.
[3] Companies which make profits but
do not have a taxable income due to various tax exemptions and deductions under
the Income Tax Act.
do not have a taxable income due to various tax exemptions and deductions under
the Income Tax Act.
[5] Clause 29, Finance Bill, 2015.
[6] Advance Ruling P. No. 14 of 1997, In Re, [1998] 100 TAXMAN 1 (Delhi).
[7] The Timken Company
v. Director of Income Tax
(International Taxation) [2010] 193 TAXMAN 20 (AAR). See also Praxair
Pacific Limited v. Director of Income Tax
(International Taxation) [2010] 193 TAXMAN 1 (AAR), The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
UFJ Ltd. v.. ADIT ITA Nos. 5364/Del/2010 and 5104/Del/2011, ITAT,
Delhi.
v. Director of Income Tax
(International Taxation) [2010] 193 TAXMAN 20 (AAR). See also Praxair
Pacific Limited v. Director of Income Tax
(International Taxation) [2010] 193 TAXMAN 1 (AAR), The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
UFJ Ltd. v.. ADIT ITA Nos. 5364/Del/2010 and 5104/Del/2011, ITAT,
Delhi.
[8] A.A.R. No. 999 of 2010.
[9] Commissioner of Income Tax,
Ernakulam, Kerala v. Official Liquidator, Palai Central Bank Ltd.,
(In Liquidation) (1985) 1 SCC 45. See also Commissioner of Income Tax,
Bangalore
v. B.C. Srinivasa Setty (1981) 2 SCC 460.
Ernakulam, Kerala v. Official Liquidator, Palai Central Bank Ltd.,
(In Liquidation) (1985) 1 SCC 45. See also Commissioner of Income Tax,
Bangalore
v. B.C. Srinivasa Setty (1981) 2 SCC 460.
[10] Regulation 26, SEBI (Foreign
Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014; Regulation 10, SEBI
(Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995.
Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014; Regulation 10, SEBI
(Foreign Institutional Investors) Regulations, 1995.
[11] ITA No.6648/MUM/2009, ITAT, Mumbai.
[12] Bank
of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. v. ADIT, ITA Nos. 5364/Del/2010 and 5104/Del/2011,
ITAT, Delhi.
of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. v. ADIT, ITA Nos. 5364/Del/2010 and 5104/Del/2011,
ITAT, Delhi.