[The following
post is contributed by Nivedita Shankar,
who is a Senior Associate at Vinod Kothari & Company. She can be contacted
at nivedita@vinodkothari.com]
post is contributed by Nivedita Shankar,
who is a Senior Associate at Vinod Kothari & Company. She can be contacted
at nivedita@vinodkothari.com]
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
on January 7, 2015[1] has modified
the Master Circular on Wilful Defaulters (Master Circular) with a view to usher
in greater transparency and accountability in the process for identification of
wilful defaulters. However, in its zeal to clamp down on the number of wilful
defaulters, the RBI has inadvertently or purposefully added further to the woes
of doing business in India.
on January 7, 2015[1] has modified
the Master Circular on Wilful Defaulters (Master Circular) with a view to usher
in greater transparency and accountability in the process for identification of
wilful defaulters. However, in its zeal to clamp down on the number of wilful
defaulters, the RBI has inadvertently or purposefully added further to the woes
of doing business in India.
Companies look to expand their
businesses by establishing subsidiaries and joint ventures and undertaking
expansions through them. These ventures are nothing but off shoots or subsets
of the parent companies. The new regulations of the Master Circular, however,
now will completely scuttle any effort of parent company to provide financial
aid to its subsets. This is because providing borrowed funds to the
subsidiaries/ group companies either through fund-based or non-fund based
modalities can henceforth be construed to mean ‘diversion of funds’ or more
aptly described as “siphoning of funds”.
businesses by establishing subsidiaries and joint ventures and undertaking
expansions through them. These ventures are nothing but off shoots or subsets
of the parent companies. The new regulations of the Master Circular, however,
now will completely scuttle any effort of parent company to provide financial
aid to its subsets. This is because providing borrowed funds to the
subsidiaries/ group companies either through fund-based or non-fund based
modalities can henceforth be construed to mean ‘diversion of funds’ or more
aptly described as “siphoning of funds”.
Meaning of ‘diversion of funds’ or ‘siphoning of funds’
Para 2.2.1 defines ‘diversion of
funds’ as follows:
funds’ as follows:
(a) utilisation of short-term working
capital funds for long-term purposes not in conformity with the terms of
sanction;
capital funds for long-term purposes not in conformity with the terms of
sanction;
(b) deploying borrowed funds for purposes
/ activities or creation of assets other than those for which the loan was
sanctioned;
/ activities or creation of assets other than those for which the loan was
sanctioned;
(c) transferring
funds to the subsidiaries / Group companies or other corporates by whatever
modalities;
funds to the subsidiaries / Group companies or other corporates by whatever
modalities;
(d) routing of funds through any bank
other than the lender bank or members of consortium without prior permission of
the lender
other than the lender bank or members of consortium without prior permission of
the lender
(e) investment in other companies by way
of acquiring equities / debt instruments without approval of lenders;
of acquiring equities / debt instruments without approval of lenders;
(f) shortfall in deployment of funds
vis-à-vis the amounts disbursed / drawn and the difference not being accounted
for.
vis-à-vis the amounts disbursed / drawn and the difference not being accounted
for.
Further, Para 2.2.2 of the Master
Circular defines ‘siphoning of funds’ as follows:
Circular defines ‘siphoning of funds’ as follows:
Siphoning of funds, referred to at para
2.1(c) above, should be construed to occur if any funds borrowed from banks /
FIs are utilised for purposes un-related to the operations of the borrower, to
the detriment of the financial health of the entity or of the lender. The
decision as to whether a particular instance amounts to siphoning of funds
would have to be a judgement of the lenders based on objective facts and
circumstances of the case.
2.1(c) above, should be construed to occur if any funds borrowed from banks /
FIs are utilised for purposes un-related to the operations of the borrower, to
the detriment of the financial health of the entity or of the lender. The
decision as to whether a particular instance amounts to siphoning of funds
would have to be a judgement of the lenders based on objective facts and
circumstances of the case.
As discussed above, any
subsidiary being a sub-set of the holding company will of course look up to it
for financial aid. However, by leaving the discretion completely on the RBI,
the Master Circular has made the provision of financial aid by holding companies
a cautionary step. In this regard, one needs to also direct attention to the
consequences of diversion of funds, which are listed out in para 2.5 and
enumerated below:
subsidiary being a sub-set of the holding company will of course look up to it
for financial aid. However, by leaving the discretion completely on the RBI,
the Master Circular has made the provision of financial aid by holding companies
a cautionary step. In this regard, one needs to also direct attention to the
consequences of diversion of funds, which are listed out in para 2.5 and
enumerated below:
1. No additional
facilities would be granted by any bank / FI to the listed wilful defaulters.
Additionally, the entrepreneurs / promoters of companies where banks / FIs have
identified siphoning / diversion of funds, misrepresentation, falsification of
accounts and fraudulent transactions would be debarred from institutional
finance from the scheduled commercial banks, Development Financial
Institutions, Government owned NBFCs, investment institutions etc. for floating
new ventures for a period of 5 years from the date the name of the wilful
defaulter is published in the list of wilful defaulters by the RBI.
facilities would be granted by any bank / FI to the listed wilful defaulters.
Additionally, the entrepreneurs / promoters of companies where banks / FIs have
identified siphoning / diversion of funds, misrepresentation, falsification of
accounts and fraudulent transactions would be debarred from institutional
finance from the scheduled commercial banks, Development Financial
Institutions, Government owned NBFCs, investment institutions etc. for floating
new ventures for a period of 5 years from the date the name of the wilful
defaulter is published in the list of wilful defaulters by the RBI.
2. Lending banks have been
given full authority to initial criminal proceedings against wilfull
defaulters, where necessary
given full authority to initial criminal proceedings against wilfull
defaulters, where necessary
3. Banks and FIs have also
been advised to adopt a pro-active approach for a change of management of wilfully
defaulting unit.
been advised to adopt a pro-active approach for a change of management of wilfully
defaulting unit.
4. The Master Circular
also advises inclusion of a covenant in the loan agreements that the borrowing
company will not induct a person who is a promoter or director on the Board of
a company which has been identified as a wilful defaulter. Where a company
already has such a person on board, it will take expeditious steps to remove
him.
also advises inclusion of a covenant in the loan agreements that the borrowing
company will not induct a person who is a promoter or director on the Board of
a company which has been identified as a wilful defaulter. Where a company
already has such a person on board, it will take expeditious steps to remove
him.
Thus should the parent company
default in its payment to lenders and if in case the lender is of the view that
the disbursed funds were diverted for some other purpose than the purported end-use,
then the borrower will not be granted additional credit facilities. To worsen matters,
the restriction on providing additional credit facilities has been extended to
other banks as well. So, once the borrower is declared as a wilful defaulter,
not only will the lending bank cease to provide facilities, any other bank will
also not grant any credit facilities.
default in its payment to lenders and if in case the lender is of the view that
the disbursed funds were diverted for some other purpose than the purported end-use,
then the borrower will not be granted additional credit facilities. To worsen matters,
the restriction on providing additional credit facilities has been extended to
other banks as well. So, once the borrower is declared as a wilful defaulter,
not only will the lending bank cease to provide facilities, any other bank will
also not grant any credit facilities.
Analysis
Para 2.2 requires that the banks
should keep the track record of the borrower and the decision to declare as wilful
defaulter should not be based on isolated transactions. The Master Circular has
left it to the lender’s will to view any default as being intentional,
deliberate and calculated before classifying it as ‘wilful’. Further, para 2.3
also relaxes the penal measures mentioned in para 2.5 in case of outstanding
balance of less than Rs. 25.00 lakhs. However, by allowing very little
opportunity to represent since the right to personal hearing by promoter/
whole-time director has also been left to the discretion of the Committee set
up by the lender, there is hardly any scope for the borrower/guarantor company
to represent its stand or voice its concerns.
should keep the track record of the borrower and the decision to declare as wilful
defaulter should not be based on isolated transactions. The Master Circular has
left it to the lender’s will to view any default as being intentional,
deliberate and calculated before classifying it as ‘wilful’. Further, para 2.3
also relaxes the penal measures mentioned in para 2.5 in case of outstanding
balance of less than Rs. 25.00 lakhs. However, by allowing very little
opportunity to represent since the right to personal hearing by promoter/
whole-time director has also been left to the discretion of the Committee set
up by the lender, there is hardly any scope for the borrower/guarantor company
to represent its stand or voice its concerns.
With the Companies Act, 2013
making it difficult for companies to enter into related party transactions, the
Master Circular has further added to the woes. Not only does the Master
Circular cover fund-based transactions, it also contains specific references to
a guarantee provided by any group company. There is of course no restriction on
providing guarantees to the group company. However, as per para 2.6 of the
Master Circular, once invoked, if the guarantees are not honoured, then the
group company will be considered as a wilful defaulter. The Master Circular has
also made a reference to section 128 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 to state
that banks can proceed against the guarantor without first exhausting all
remedies against the borrower. In this regard, one may refer to the provisions
of SARFAESI Act, 2002, which was enacted with the intention to help banks to
speedily enforce security interest. Even under SARFAESI Act, 2002, the borrower
(which also includes a guarantor) has been given the right to represent.
However, RBI has completely overlooked the right of any defaulter to explain
its stand and has placed sweeping powers in the hands of the lenders.
making it difficult for companies to enter into related party transactions, the
Master Circular has further added to the woes. Not only does the Master
Circular cover fund-based transactions, it also contains specific references to
a guarantee provided by any group company. There is of course no restriction on
providing guarantees to the group company. However, as per para 2.6 of the
Master Circular, once invoked, if the guarantees are not honoured, then the
group company will be considered as a wilful defaulter. The Master Circular has
also made a reference to section 128 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 to state
that banks can proceed against the guarantor without first exhausting all
remedies against the borrower. In this regard, one may refer to the provisions
of SARFAESI Act, 2002, which was enacted with the intention to help banks to
speedily enforce security interest. Even under SARFAESI Act, 2002, the borrower
(which also includes a guarantor) has been given the right to represent.
However, RBI has completely overlooked the right of any defaulter to explain
its stand and has placed sweeping powers in the hands of the lenders.
It is in common knowledge that
lenders are concerned about lending to any newly incorporated company since,
its ability to repay is questionable. It is under such circumstances, that the
parent company steps in as the guarantor. Since, a subsidiary or a joint
venture company is nothing but a sub-set of the parent company, it is but
obvious that it will look up to the parent company to act as the guarantor.
However, the Master Circular will make any lending company think twice before
it makes any financial commitment. Possibly, the only good news from the Master
Circular is that it is not retrospectively effective. With penal measures such
as reporting to SEBI, CIBIL, possibility of change of management, companies may
have to exercise due care and caution before entering into lending transactions.
lenders are concerned about lending to any newly incorporated company since,
its ability to repay is questionable. It is under such circumstances, that the
parent company steps in as the guarantor. Since, a subsidiary or a joint
venture company is nothing but a sub-set of the parent company, it is but
obvious that it will look up to the parent company to act as the guarantor.
However, the Master Circular will make any lending company think twice before
it makes any financial commitment. Possibly, the only good news from the Master
Circular is that it is not retrospectively effective. With penal measures such
as reporting to SEBI, CIBIL, possibility of change of management, companies may
have to exercise due care and caution before entering into lending transactions.
– Nivedita Shankar