The Financial Times reported last week in the context of EADS (the maker of the Airbus aircraft) that “France and Germany are finalising changes to EADS’ corporate by-laws to prevent foreign investors building significant stakes in – or even taking over – Europe’s flagship aerospace and defence company.” The plan is to restrict any investor deemed predatory from owning more than 15% in the...
Competition Act and Merger Regulation
Today’s Economic Times carries a column by Jaishree Vyavaharkar & David Jacobs of Baker & McKenzie analyzing the provisions of the Act and the recent draft regulations on business combinations, with specific reference to implications on foreign investors. Here are some excerpts: “A fundamental concern for foreign investors was the lack of domestic nexus in the Act. Effectively, deals...
Hostile Takeovers in India: Opportunities and Challenges (Part 2)
After dealing with the history of hostile takeovers in India and possible regulatory obstacles, Shaun’s article moves on to deal with what I find is an interesting analysis of the availability of some of the key takeover defences in the Indian context. I highlight some of his observations (and also intersperse some of my own) below: 1. Poison Pill A poison pill is a shareholder rights plan...
Hostile Takeovers in India: Opportunities and Challenges (Part 1)
Hostile takeovers of companies (otherwise referred to as the market for corporate control) is a rather well-known phenomenon in the corporate sphere. The 1980s (a.k.a. the deal decade) were famous in the US for large hostile transactions that set fire to lawyer ingenuity resulting in the development of various takeover defences. Hostile takeovers continue to pose a threat to companies – even as...
Some Lessons for M&A Deal Documentation
Recent months have witnessed a spate of M&A deals in the US that have turned sour even before they were consummated, and they have quite naturally ended up in court. In pure legal terms, these involve a scenario where disputes arise between the parties between signing of the definitive agreements and closing whereby one of the parties is not willing to perform its obligations under the...
Competition Commission: Draft Merger Regulations Now Available
An earlier post on this blog noted the concerns of the industry relating to the merger regulations proposed by the Competition Commission and also certain comments made by the acting chairman of the Competition Commission of India to allay any fears of the industry. The proposed draft of the Competition Commission of India (Combination) Regulations, 200_ that deal with merger regulation were made...
Competition Commission and Merger Regulation
The Competition Commission is working on the draft of the Competition Commission (Combinations) Regulations, which are expected to be announced shortly. Due to concerns from the industry regarding these regulations operating as a serious hurdle to M&A activity in the country, there are indications that the Competition Commission will introduce provisions in the draft regulations that are...
Indian Acquisitions in the US: A Quick Checklist of Issues
The Harvard Law School Corporate Governance Blog carries a recent post that contains a handy checklist of critical current issues that should be considered in advance of any acquisition of US businesses by non-US entities. The checklist has been prepared and posted by Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, the top US law firm in the M&A space. The checklist would also be helpful to Indian...
Contractual Mergers a Possibility
Presently, accomplishing a merger of two or more companies involved a fairly detailed process that lasts about four to six months, if not more. Under Sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956, apart from the approval of the shareholders (and sometimes creditors) the merger also requires the sanction of the appropriate High Court (and often multiple High Courts). However, there is likely to...
M&A: Tackling Ambiguity in Deal Documentation
M&A lawyers are accustomed to drafting and negotiating contracts that contain complex terms and conditions relating to the performance of obligations by parties and remedies for their breach. It is not out of place for acquisition agreements to contain clause A that operates “notwithstanding any other provision contained in this Agreement”, and for clause B to operate “subject to the terms...
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